Non-Finite Verb
I 非谓语的三种形式
类别结构 | 含义 | 例句 | |
现在分词 | doing | 主动,进行 |
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being done | 被动,进行 (正在被做) |
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(not) having done | 主动,完成 (否定) |
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having been done | 被动,完成 |
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过去分词 | done | 被动,完成 |
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表所处的状态或特征 |
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不定式 | to do | 将来,主动 |
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to be done | 将来,被动 |
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to have done | 完成,主动 使用条件:
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II 本章要点
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- 非谓语语法点分述
一、不定式 to do
- 不定式结构作主语
- To see is to believe.
- It is better to see something once than to hear about it a hundred times.
- 在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,常采用先行it代替主语,而把不定式后置:
- It’s a great pleasure to be here.
- It is not an easy thing to master a language.
★区分用法★
- 直接用不定式做主语的句子显得更加正式。
- 如主语和表语都是to do,则只能采用第一种形式。
- 对敌人仁慈就是对人民残忍。
- 如是疑问句或感叹句,则只能采用第二种形式。
- What is it like to be there?
- What a joy it was to read Barak’s book!
- 用It is+形容词作表语时,由于逻辑主语不同导致的for和of的区别。
- for sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如: difficult, interesting, easy, impossible等。.
- of sb.句型中的形容词一般为表示性格、品德、心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容 词,如:good, kind, nice, clever, foolish等。
★小试身手★
- To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in love.
- 对他来说,学两门外语是很困难的。
- 你能这么说很有礼貌。
★真题试炼★
- It’s important _____ the piano well.
A. of him to play B. for him to play C. of him playing D. for him playing
- It’s wrong _____ her like that.
A. of you to treat B. for you to treat C. of you treating D. for you treating
- 不定式结构作表语
主语和表语都是不定式(其含义往往一是条件,一是结果),如:
- To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
- To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
- 不定式结构作动词宾语(见表格附录)
- 不定式结构作定语
用法 | 例句 | |
及物动词to do出现在名词后面。 | 动宾关系 | He always has a lot of meetings to attend. Have you got anything to say at the meeting? |
主谓关系 | She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. | |
不及物动词to do出现在名词后面且带上相应的介词。 | Let’s first find a room to live in. / to put the things in. We have nothing to worry about. | |
♥Attention♥但前面被修饰的名词是place/time/way时可省略不及物动词的介词。 | I think the best way to travel is by air. We have no place to live. |
★小试身手★
- 了解一个人最好的方法是和他/她生活一段时间.
- 你有什么可以吃的东西吗?
- 许多老人找不到可以安度晚年的地方.
- 不定式结构作状语
基本用法:不定式结构可以作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词等表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。
- 表示目的
- They ran over to welcome the delegates.
♥Attention♥
- in order to do 常置于句首用来强调目的。
- so as to/so….as to 表示目的,不可以置于句首。
★小试身手★
- 为了能够准时到达那里,我们必须现在出发
- 为了款待重要客人,他从英国请了管家。
- 他们一大早出发为了能赶上首班车。
- 表示结果
- so …as to … 如此……以至于
- Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?
- such (…) as to … 如此……以至于
- I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
- enough to … 足以
- The boy is old enough to go to school.
- too … to … 太……以至于不能
- His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
- only to 不料却……,结果却…… 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only,以加强 语气
- I bought expensive tickets to the theatre, only to discover that the show was boring.
★小试身手★
- 你说这些话只会把大家弄得更加紧张。
- 她太小了不能看这个暴力电影。
♥Attention♥:
但是too….to结构前如果出现but, never, only等词时则表示肯定。
- 活到老学到老。
- 不定式结构作宾语补足语
- 非谓语做宾补的用法。
结构 | 含义 | 举例 |
see + 宾语 + do | 看见(宾语)做……了 | see him go to the office |
see +宾语 + doing | 看见(宾语)正在做 | see him going to the office |
see +宾语 + being done | 看见(宾语)正在被做 | see him being bitten by a dog |
see +宾语 + done | 看见(宾语)被做 | see him bitten by a dog |
- 不定式to do(do)做宾补表示“要去做”。
结构 | 例词 | 例句 |
动词+宾语+ to do | ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, 等表示劝请、要求、喜好类 | I want both of you to go. The teacher told us to do exercise one. |
- do 做宾补表示“全过程”。
动词+宾语+do(省略to) | 一“感”:feel 二“听”:hear / listen to 三“使”:have / make / let 四“看”:see / watch / notice / find | I saw my daughter enter the classroom, sit in a chair, open her English book and begin to read Chapter 15. |
二、动名词 doing
- 动名词结构作主语
- 动名词做主语通常位于句首。
- Seeing is believing.
- Not finishing school can affect your whole life.
- 将 it放句首做形式主语,把动名词置于句末的常用结构。
It is + a waste of time/no good/not any good/no use/useless + doing sth.
- It is no use talking to him again.
- It is no good (your) refusing to do it.
★小试身手★
- ________ is an important decision in a person’s life. (结婚)
- ________ is against the law. (酒后驾车)
- _________ relaxes me at the end of the day.(听古典音乐)
- 跟他聊天就是浪费时间。
- 动名词结构作表语
- My job is teaching English.
★小试身手★
- 他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。
_________wheelchairs for disabled people.
★区分用法★
作主语 | 含义 | 例句 |
不定式to do | 一次性的具体的动作 有特定的动作执行者 | To lie is wrong. To live in Beijing is the height of Tom’s ambition. |
动名词doing | 抽象的泛指的动作无特定的动作执行者 | Lying is wrong. Swimming is good exercise. |
作表语 | 含义 | 例句 |
不定式to do | 一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作 | His job is to paint the walls. |
动名词doing | 一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作 | His job is painting walls. 他的工作是粉刷墙。(这是他日常的工作) |
三、分词(现在分词 doing和过去分词 done)
- 现在分词和过去分词结构作定语
- 分词做定语的基本含义。
分词有两种:现在分词和过去分词。这两种在句子中能担任的成分大体相同。
- 现在分词一般有主动的意思
- 过去分词一般有被动的意思
用现在分词做定语的句子(表示主动) | 用过去分词做定语的句子 |
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- 分词作定语的重要知识点:
- 单独作定语,应放在被修饰的名词之前,在更多情况下,可以用分词短语作定语,这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后,在意义上也相当于一个定语从句,如:
- 现在分词:touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week /
- 过去分词:skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread
- Barking dogs seldom bite.
- Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.
- Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door?
- They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains.
- ★小试身手★
- 写出下列短语的意思
- the rising sun _____________________
- fallen leaves _____________________
- faded flowers _____________________
- returned students _____________________
- retired workers _____________________
- the exploded bomb _____________________
- departed friends _____________________
- 把分词做定语改成定语从句或者定语从句改成分词作定语
- They are problems left over by history.
- Have you read any short stories which were written by Lu Xun?
- developing countries =
- a city that is growing =
- 作定语的现在分词和过去分词所表示的动作发生的时间不同
- 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如:
- Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise.
- Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?
- 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如:
- They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.
- The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955.
- 过去分词作定语时,过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,也可以是没有一定的时间性,如:
- The meeting held(which was held) last week is very important.
- He is a man loved (who is loved)by all.
♥Attention♥:
如果所表示的动作现在正在发生,或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生,可以用现在分 词的被动形式来表示,如:
- The meeting being held is very important.
- We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.(discuss)
♥Attention♥:
如果所表示的是一个未来的动作,可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示,如:
- The meeting to be held next week is very important.
★小试身手★
- Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. (discuss)
- Please tell me the subjects discussed last week. (discuss)
- Do you know the meeting being discussed now is held by Peter? (discuss)
- 现在分词作状语
现在分词表示主动进行,过去分词表示被动完成。
- 现在分词作伴随状语,表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况,如:
- The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
- They stood there for an hour watching the game.
♥Attention♥:
a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作;
b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作(或状态)是同时发生的;
c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作,对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明;
d. 大部分放在谓语之后;
e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。
- 现在分词作原因状语,表示原因或理由,如:
- Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
- Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
试试可不可以变成状语从句呢:
- Because she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
- Because we didn’t know her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
♥Attention♥
如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,则要用完成形式,如:
- Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.
- Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.
- 现在分词作时间状语(相当于 when 引导的从句),如:
- Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.
- Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
试试可不可以变成状语从句呢:
- When she turned around ,she saw a police car driving up.
- When they heard the news, they all jumped with joy.
♥Attention♥:
这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作,这动作一发生,谓语动词所表示的动作立即发 生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的,多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构,如:
- Be careful when crossing the street.
- Don’t mention this while talking to him.
- 现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步,如:
- Working hard, you will succeed. (________)
- Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (________)
试试可不可以变成状语从句呢:
- If you work hard, you will succeed.
- Although the stone weighs almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone.
- 现在分词的完成形式和被动形式
分词的完成形式主要用在状语中,表示动作在谓语动作之前发生,如:
- Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
- Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
- 过去分词作状语
- 过去分词短语作状语,可以修饰谓语,说明动作发生的背景或情况,如:
- Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.
- The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.
- 过去分词短语表示原因(相当于一个原因状语从句),如:
- He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey.
试试可不可以变成状语从句呢:
- He soon fell asleep as/because he was exhausted by the journey.
- 过去分词短语有时可以表示时间(相当于时间状语从句)和条件(相当于条件状语从句),如:
- United, we stand; divided, we fall.
- Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
试试可不可以变成状语从句呢:
- If we are united ,we stand; If we are divided, we fall.
- When/If the park is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
♥Attention♥:
过去分词短语作状语时,前面有时可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等连词,这种 结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句(省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的多种形式”)。需 要注意的是,省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同,如:
- If / When heated, water changes into steam.
- The girl is very shy, and never speaks until spoken to.
试试看把它们补充完整:
- If/when water is heated, it changed into steam.
- The girl is very shy, and never speaks until she is spoken to.
♥Attention♥:
- 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致.
- 过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成,在语态上侧重于被动;
- 而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行,在语态上侧重于主动。
★小试身手★
试一试:判断下列句子中分词充当什么状语,并且看看可不可以转化成相应状语从句。
- Every evening they sat on the sofa watching TV. 表________
- I got home, feeling very tired. 表________
- Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. 表________
- Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up. 表________
- Compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 表________
二、非谓语的时态语态
1. to do
一般 | 进行 | 完成 | |
主动 | to do | to be doing | to have done |
被动 | to be done | / | to have been done |
★小试身手★
- 能被邀请来做演讲是我的荣幸。
- 老板经过他身边时,他假装正在打电话。
- 他们似乎在发薪日前就花光了上个月的工资。
2. doing
一般(与谓语动词同时发生) | 完成(在谓语动词之前发生) | |
主动 | doing | having done |
被动 | being done | having been done |
3. done
过去分词done的一般情况即表示“被动、完成”的含义,所以没有时态语态变化。
★小试身手★
- _________(earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started to work in a local café as a waiter.
- The most common mistakes _________(lead) to a bad back are poor body mechanics and unhealthy habits.
- We teenagers often think that parents are conservative (保守的), and they know nothing about us, but honestly, we’re actually still too young ____________(know) what’s really best for us.
- Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty _________ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight.
- _________(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks.
- The Flakes brought along a lobster (龙虾) trap in hopes of having some delicious treats, but it was lost within the first few hours after _________(attack) by a shark.
- “I think she would like you to have it.” _________(shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.
- __________________(endure) too many of these tragedies in the past few years, each time I learn the news I react not as a President, but as anybody else would — as a parent. And that was especially true today.
- He has a constant urge __________________(check) for next messages; he checks his phone every five minutes!
- Many researchers claim __________________(find) relationships between left-handedness and various physical and mental characteristics.
- The cities _________(experience) the highest annual growth in office rental rates are both in South Africa with 40 percent rate rise for Durban and 44 percent for Sandton.
Review
- 中考真题:
- How are you feeling here? It’s quite hot. I don’t know _________ to go or stay?
A. how B. when C. whether D. where
- The menu has so many good things. I can’t decide ________.
A. what to eat B. how to eat C. where to eat D. when to eat
- --We can use QQ to talk with each other online.
--Good! Will you please show me __________ it?
A. what to use B. how to use C. when to use D. where to use
- --I don’t know ___________ with this problem. It’s too hard.
--You can ask Mr. Wang for help.
A. which to do B. when to do C. what to do D. how to do
- Could you tell me __________ the Internet?
A. how to search B. how search C. how can I search D. how searching
- --This physics problem is too difficult. Can you show me __________, George?
--Sure.
A. what to work out B. to work it out
C. how to work it out D. how to work out it
- The box is too heavy for me ___________.
A. carrying B. carries C. carry D. to carry
- —Hello, my name is Johnson. I believe you have a room ___________ for me.
—Johnson? Oh, yes, Mr. Johnson. It’s Room 1201, on the second floor.
A. to book B. book C. booking D. booked
- —Why are you late?
—My bike broke down. I had it ___________.
A. repaired B. repairs C. repair D. repairing
- Many students enjoy the book Harry Potter ___________ by JK Rowling.
A. written B. was written C. wrote D. was writing
- It’s very nice ________ pictures for me.
A. of you to draw | C. for you drawing | |
B. for you to draw | D. of you drawing |
- It’s a bit cold. Would you mind my ________ all the windows? Do as you like please.
A. close | B. will close | C. closing | D. to close |
- Mary and I enjoy ________ badminton.
A. to play | B. playing | C. played | D. play |
- Mr. Wang, I have trouble _________ the text. Remember _________ it three times at least.
A. to understand; reading | B. understanding; reading |
C. understanding; to read | D. to understand; to read |
- It took my daughter 2 weeks _________ the books _______ by the author.
A. reading; written | B. to read; written |
C. reading; to write | D. to read; write |
- Drivers are warned __________ when they are tired.
A. to drive | B. not drive | C. no to drive | D. not to drive |
- Alice asked me ________ another bay for her.
A. get | B. got | C. to get | D. getting |
- Betty is often seen ________ the old man with his housework.
A. help | B. to help | C. helped | D. helps |
- How do you feel when you visited Shanghai World Expo?
It made me _______ proud.
A. feel | B. to feel | C. felt | D. feeling |
- Shopping with me?
Sorry, I have a lot of clothes ________.
A. to wash | B. washed | C. wash | D. to be washed |
- - Linda, I am very thirsty.
- Let’s go to the nearest supermarket ________ some drinks, ok?
A. buy | B. bought | C. to buy | D. buying |
- In order ________ the world a friendly place, one must show a friendly face.
A. makes | B. making | C. to make | D. make |
- There goes the bell.
It’s time for class. Let’s stop ________.
A. talk | B. to talk | C. talking | D. not talk |
- The heavy snowstorm made the mountain climbers ___________ halfway.
A. stop | B. to stop | C. stopping | D. Stopped |
- All the children like Mr. White very much because he often makes them __________.
A. laughed | B. laugh | C. laughing | D. to laugh |
- My aunt played the light music to make the baby ___________ crying.
A. stopped | B. stops | C. to stop | D. stop |
- My sister doesn’t like the dress. She thinks it makes her __________ fat.
A. look | B. looks | C. to look | D. looked |
- —Is Wei Fang good at singing?
—Yes, she is. We often hear her ___________ in the next room.
A. to sing | B. sings | C. sing | D. sang |
- Would you please ___________ the window? It’s too cold outside.
A. open | B. opening | C. not open | D. not to open |
- —Bob, it’s getting cold. ___________ take a jacket with you?
—All right. Daddy.
A. Why not | B. What about | C. Would you like | D. You’d better |
- It’s blowing hard outside. Tell him ________ the window.
A. not open | B. not to open | C. to not open | D. don’t open |
- The headmaster told us ___________ at the Science Museum on time.
A. arrive | B. arrives | C. to arrive | D. arriving |
- --I hope you ___________ my party next weekend.
--OK, I ___________.
A. to come to; will | B. would come to; will |
C. can come to; am | D. can come to; will |
- The woman wants her daughter ___________ English every morning.
A. read | B. reads | C. reading | D. to read |
- Tom likes cars. He enjoys __________ model cars of all kinds.
A. collects | B. collecting | C. to collect | D. collected |
- My grandfather wants __________ around the world because he enjoys ___________new places.
A. travelling; seeing | B. to travel; to see |
C. to travel; seeing | D. travelling; to see |
- Before 2008 we will finish _________ the Olympic Park.
A. build | B. built | C. building | D. to build |
- The teacher told Lucy __________ too much time ___________computer games.
A. not to spend; in | B. to not spend; on |
C. didn’t spend; playing | D. not to spend; playing |
- If everyone makes a contribution ___________ the environment, our country will become more beautiful.
A. to protect | B. in protecting |
C. to protecting | D. for protecting |
- --This computer doesn’t work.
--Really? I’ll have it __________ tomorrow.
A. repair | B. repaired | C. to repair | D. been repaired |
- 用括号中词的正确形式填空:
- He hit me so hard that it made me ___________ (see) stars.
- The professor urged me _____________ (look) through the survey more carefully.
- I couldn’t help _____________ (laugh) at this funny joke.
- I will apologize to you if you insist on it, but really don’t remember ______ (do) such a thing.
- I don’t feel like ___________ (eat) anything now.
- ______ (see) from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a ‘blue planet’.
- Television keeps us _________ (inform) about current events and the latest developments in science and technology.
- I could not make myself __________ (understand) in English though I had studied English for three years.
- ______ (practice) for so long, the football team is likely to win the World Series this year.