非谓语动词
非谓语的三种形式
类别结构 | 含义 | 例句 | |
现在分词 | doing | 主动，进行 | 1) boiling water 正在沸腾的水 2) Do you know the girl standing over there? 你认识站在那里的那个女孩吗？ |
being done | 被动，进行 （正在被做） | 1) The houses being built now are for the teachers.现在正在建的那些房子是为老师而建的。 | |
(not) having done | 主动，完成 （否定） | 1) Having waited for an hour, he left.等了一个小时后，他离开了。 2) Not having received a reply, he wrote another letter.没收到回复，他又写了一封信 | |
having been done | 被动，完成 | 1) Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. 虽然被告诉过好多次了，他仍然犯同样的错误。 | |
过去分词 | done | 被动，完成 | 1) The story told by Tom is very interesting.汤姆讲的故事非常有趣。 2) The houses built last year are very big.去年建的那些房子很大。 |
表所处的状态或特征 | 1) Devoted to helping others, he is respected.他致力于帮助别人而受到尊重。 2) Interested in the book, he wants to buy it.他对这本书感兴趣想买下来。 | ||
不定式 | to do | 将来，主动 | 1) I have much work to do.我有很多工作要做。 |
to be done | 将来，被动 | 1) The houses to be built next month are very big.下个月将要被建的那些房子很大。 | |
to have done | 完成，主动 使用条件： 1) 看结构是否需要； 2) 看是否表达过去或完成之意 | 1) He’s said to have invented the telephone.据说他发明了电话。 2) He is said to have been punished by his leader.据说他已经受到了他领导的惩罚。 | |
不定式
一、形式功能 ：
动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式：not + (to) do 以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下：
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
例如： I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。
He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。
We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观。
He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。
The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术。
The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作。
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，
例如：The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力。
He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。
I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。
He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。
二、不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
常用句式有：
（1）作主语：
1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。
①与careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,wrong , careful , polite , 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词连用，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
②与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词： possible，impossible，easy，hard，difficult，necessary
It’s necessary for you to study hard .（necessary 修饰 to study hard，表示学习努力是有必要的）
It’s foolish of him to do it .（foolish 修饰逻辑主语him）
（2）作表语： 放be动词后，构成表语
Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
注意：
（3）作宾语：
①动词+不定式。如：
He managed to escape from the fire.
I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）
下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect ，choose, get等
②动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：
I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.
I can’t decide when to go there.
注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。如：
I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.
We think it important to obey the laws .
不定式动词可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里，别无选择。
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。
（4）作宾语补足语：
①动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）
He warned me to be careful.
I want you to speak to Tom.
What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式）
注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage，beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema． 他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。
②表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构：
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态）
③ There +不定式
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
注意：（1）有些动词需用 as 短语作补语，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
（2）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：
They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.
(3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
I often help him （to）clean the room.
（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
1）He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）
He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）
3）主谓关系：She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting . ----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post .
( 逻辑主语是I ) -------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I )
4）动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。
注意：如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。如：
I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直钢笔写字)
I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) (我有一个婴儿要照看)
He is looking for a room to live ？ He is looking for a room to live in .
What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它？
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live. 他无处安身。
This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
He has no money and no place to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
注意：
①不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动、也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗？ Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗？
②说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿。
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语，他需要一本词典。
作目的状语：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾 To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话，我不喜欢他讲话的方式。
②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外)： 常放在never only后
He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了，只见火车已经走了。
I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，只见他出去了。
③表原因：常放在形容词后面
They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了，我们什么也看不见。
The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的。
三、不定式的省略：
①情态动词（除ought外， ought to do）
②would rather， had better
③感官动词和使役动词
④由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
⑤help
⑥Why…/Why not…
⑦But 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较：
He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
⑧通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：
⑨保留to省略do动词。 If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事，你就不必做。
⑩不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to：
want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生。
五、注意：
1．to 作介词：agree to， object to，close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to
动名词
一、定义： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
二、形式：
及物动词 | 不及物动词 | ||
主动 | 被动 | 主动 | |
一般时 | doing | being done | doing |
完成时 | having done | having been done | having done |
一般式 doing （谓语动词同时发生） being done Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
完成式 having done having been done （谓语动词发生之前）We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
否定式：not + 动名词 动名词的形式： I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
被动式： He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
三、动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语： 谓语用单数
Reading aloud is very helpful.
Collecting stamps is interesting.
Playing with fire is dangerous.
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。结构：It’s no good/use doing.... It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语：
动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语：They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
只接V-ing做宾语的动词和动词短语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit，deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
接动名词、不定式均可，且意义相同的动词：
like, love, dilike,hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, cease, can’t bear/endure/stand
接动名词、不定式均可，但意义不同的词：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等
Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做
Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过
Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过
Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过
Try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做
Go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）
Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做
注意：Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：
The flowers need watering/to be watered.
The problem is worth discussing.
（4）作定语：
动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：
a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall
动名词与现在分词作定语的区别：
（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。
如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰n之后。
如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping
a developing country =a country which is developing
（2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing
a swimming pool = a pool for swimming
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged． 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
分词
一、现在分词和过去分词的区别：
1）在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义；过去分词表示被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。
像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如：a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球
2）在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶
注意：分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。如：
Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.=After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
二、注意：
1）分词作状语，其逻辑主语要与主句主语保持一致
2）分词前常有when / while / as / before/ after/ if / unless /even if 等引导词
3）如果过去分词的动作发生在主句谓语之前，用having been done Having been hurt in a traffic accident, I was given an operation.
4）分词做状语，主语之前不可有and /but / so / or/ so that 等连词（如有，则此句子为祈使句）
Working hard, you will succeed.
Working hard and you will succeed.
5)否定式，在分词之前+ not
6)固定搭配： be dressed in be lost in thoughts lost in thoughts, he knocked into me.
7)分词的逻辑主语与主句不同，分词要有自己的逻辑主语，称为“独立主语” The money used up, I had no food to eat
现在分词
二、定义： 既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
二、形式： 肯定式：V-ing； 否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。
例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
三、现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语： The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的 动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
（3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。
例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语： Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语： He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head．
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分： udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。 Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
过去分词
一、形式：只有V-ed一种形式。（①规则，V-ed, ②不规则）
二、句法功能
1．过去分词作定语：
①单个过去分词做定语时用于被修饰的名词前，做前置定语 frozen food、polluted river、a terrified boy
Vt.过去分词作定语，表被动及完成
Vi 过去分词作定语，表示完成 a married man an escape man the risen sun a fallen leaf
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
②凡是用作定语修饰人或表示与个人相关的心理状态，用过去分词，而修饰物时，则用现在分词做定语
a satisfied smile a satisfying answer
Tom tired at the tiring speech,started to sleep.
③过去分词短语做定语时，用于被修饰的名词之后，相当于省略了which/who is/are:
A book written by luxun a student called Mary
The meeting being held now is important.
The meeting held yesterday was important
The meeting to be held tomorrow is important.
2．过去分词作表语： The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。
区别： The window is broken.（系表） The window was broken by the boy.（被动） 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界） 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
①做宾语补足语的动词一般是Vt，表示被动或完成
With+sth./sb. Done
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
With trees planted around the school, it looks nicer.
②Have /get + sb/sth. Done 叫人做....
Make oneself kmow/ understood/ hearted 让自己被....
③see /hear/ watch / notice/ observe / listen to等构成的感官动词及 think/ find 等表示心理状态的动词 ~ sth/ sb. done
1) I hear this song sung
2) I found the dooe unlocked when I got home.
④ want / wish / like / expect / order sth /sb. Done 希望、命令......被做
I want the problem discussed at the meeting.
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（时间）
Though told of the danger, he s till risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。 （方式/伴随）