阅读理解题要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。2018 年高考英语《考试说明》明确要求考生具备以下能力：
1.理解主旨和要义；
2.理解文中具体信息；
3.根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；
4.根据文中信息作出判断和推理；
5.理解文章的基本结构；
6.理解作者的意图、观点和态度等。
命题 特点与趋势
分析近五年的高考试题并结合该题型的命题规律可知，高考阅读理解试题有如下特点：
1. 内容生活化。阅读理解所选的材料均来源于实际生活，涉及的内容也是表现实际生活，强调语篇选材的真实性。
2. 体裁多元化。
阅读理解所选的语段包括叙述文、说明文、应用文和议论文，继续保持了体裁的多样化特点。
选材多源于英文报刊和网络媒体，包括名人轶事、历史传说、民间故事、寓言、幽默小品、日常生活、新闻报道、社会背景、政治经济、史地常识、科普文章等各个方面的知识，并且具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点和浓厚的时代气息。
综合地反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。
3. 信息密集化。试题语料含有较高的信息量。近年来阅读理解继续保持了较大的阅读量，要求考生准确而迅速地从特定语篇中有目的地获取信息。阅读理解以简约的语言负载高含量的信息，从语言运作的表层看，各段文字并不构成很大的理解困难，但是隐藏在表层结构下面的则是较复杂的信息，试题具有较高的区分度。
4. 结构复杂化。阅读理解试题所选的材料其语篇结构多样化，都具有较大的复杂性。各篇或在时间顺序上，或在空间顺序上，或在逻辑推理上，均适用了较高级的组篇手段，这种来源于真实语料的作品同考生平时在课本中接受的清楚明白的语段是很不一样的。
5. 用词高级化。高考对词汇运用的要求越来越高，活用词比比皆是。凡是能利用构词法知识判断出词性和词义的都不视为生词，不再给出汉语注释；纯超纲词汇也屡有出现；一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。
6. 设题创新化。
高考阅读理解题在保持传统命题的基础上，也在不断地借鉴和创新大学英语的命题方式。
结构型命题既是近两年高考阅读试题中全新的命题形式。
这种命题侧重于对文章篇章结构和修辞（写作）手法以及例证、引用的功能的考查，是一种凌驾于信息阅读之上的更高难度的测试手段，较好地体现了“稳中有变，变中求新”的基本命题思路。
【典型 例题 】
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However,when it works, it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2-to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.
I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.
The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.
Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH! The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
1. What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to paragraph 1?
A. Efforts made in vain.
B. Getting injured in his work.
C. Feeling uncertain about his future.
D. Creatures forced out of their homes.
2. Why was the author called to Muttontown?
A. To rescue a woman.
B. To take care of a woman.
C. To look at a baby owl.
D. To cure a young owl.
3. What made the chick calm down?
A.A new nest. B. Some food.
C.A recording. D. Its parents.
4. How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?
A. It’s unexpected. B. It’s beautiful.
C. It’s humorous. D. It’s discouraging.
【语篇解读】
本文介绍了作者在野生动物园当志愿者时的一次经历。他帮助拯救了一只当时只有两、三周大的猫头鹰。
【答案解析】
1. A 推理判断题。
从文章第一段的“Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking;survival is never certain.”可知,试图帮助那些受伤的、流离失所的或生病的动物有时候是令人心碎的,因为无法保证它们一定会幸存下来。
有时候,所有的救援都是徒劳的。
2. C 细节理解题。从文章第二段的“I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl on the ground.”可知,作者到 Muttontown 去是为了拯救一只猫头鹰雏鸟。
3. A 细节理解题。
从文章第四段的“I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.”可知,作者把一些松树枝放进篮子里,给这只猫头鹰雏鸟做了一个既安全又舒适的鸟巢。
有了这个新的鸟巢,这只猫头鹰雏鸟很快就安静下来了。
4. B 推理判断题。从文章最后一段可知,文章中这个故事的结局是美好的。鸟巢里的这只猫头鹰雏鸟看起来健康又活泼。最伟大的一幕是,在鸟巢里陪伴它的还有一顿午餐。文章第一段最后一句也有提示。
【技巧点拨】
对阅读理解能力的测试是高考英语考试中必不可少的测试项目，主要考查学生对于不同体裁或不同题材语言材料的理解能力，以及通过材料的阅读，对材料中信息的捕获能力。英语阅读理解题的难度在不断增大，考生们也大多知难而进，下面，与大家分享解题技巧。
高考阅读不同文体按照题型分类主要分为四大类：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题。
1 、细节题解题技巧
细节题，顾名思义，就是指针对文章的某个细节而设置的试题。
细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节（通常是四个）放在一起要求考生判断是非（选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项）或对几个细节进行排序等。
解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案（此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换）。
现在围绕上述的定位理论，引申出几个小的技巧：
（1 ）关键信息定位法。
这个主要是细节题，如涉及到数字（日期、时间、价格等），就可以在文章中快速圈出数字，再找出目标数字及相对应的细节作息，还有人物姓名、地点名词等等，其他的还包括一些提示情节发展，或条纲性关键字眼，如 first，next，finally 等等。如：
As a young girl growing up in the 1930s，I always wanted to fly a plane，but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. I got a taste of that dream in 2011，when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday.
What happened to the author in 2011？
A. She flew an airplane.
B. She entered a competition.
C. She went on a hot air balloon ride.
D. She moved into a retirement community.
【答案解析】
此题属典型细节题，通过题干中的时间 in 2011 不难锁定答案为 C。
（2 ）同义定位法。
英文中可以用 Paraphrase 表示。同义定位就是指问题所用的关键词和文中的不一致，但属于同义性质，同义转换其实是在关键间的基础上拐了个弯。如：
He longs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn his good ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited about what he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down and inside out，exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to be more valuable for your paper.
What does the reporter want most from his editors in their talks？
A. Finding the news value of his stories.
B. Giving him financial support.
C. Helping him to find issues.
D. Improving his good ideas.
【答案解析】
此题属细节题，定位方式为同义定位法。题干中的 talks 和文章中 conversations 对应，而 want most 和longs for 对应，这样不难得出答案为 D。
小结：在阅读中，精准快速的定位加上正确的理解力才能保证做题的量与质。定位法是需要在做题的过程中有意识的培养的，做题的技巧也是可以总结的，关键是要自觉培养这种分析归纳和总结的意识以及能力。
2 、推理题解题技巧
推断题定义：在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得到文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。
出现特征：在考题中经常出现的词有 infer，imply， indicate， conclude， learn from， probably， most likely， prove /according to 等。
如：She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way，not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car the night before. “We’re moving house.”；“No space for her any more with the baby coming.” “We never really wanted her，but what could we have done？ She was a present.” People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen.
How did the author feel about Goldie when Goldie came to the house？
A. Shocked B. Sympathetic C. Annoyed D. Upset
【答案解析】
由题目得知：是考查作者的态度题。首先定位到文章作者的话语和行为，即
（1）No way could I have sent her away. No way，not me anyway.
（2）We never really wanted her， but what could we have done？She was a present.
（3）People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most
beautiful dogs I had ever seen. 可知作者对它是正的情感，排除 C，D，再由作者对它的不舍，答案选 B。
3 、主旨 大意题解题技巧
Topic/Title 型----使用逆推法
（1） 要在阅读原文基础上，仔细考虑选项是否与文章主题有密切联系
（2） 再看选项对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何
（3） 要注意题目是否过大或者过小
（4） 要避免下列三种错误
概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，导致范围过小）
过度概括（多表现为扩大范围）
以事实、细节代替抽象概括的大意。 如：
Federal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert （警报）system using text messages delivered to cell phones.
Text messages have been popular in recent years，particularly among young people. The wireless industry's trade association，CTIA，estimates （估计）more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month. The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act，a 2006 federal law that requires improvements to the nation's emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission（FCC）with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.
“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before，and during，disasters and other emergencies，” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said，following approval of the plan.
Participation in the alert system by carriers -telecommunications companies is voluntary， but it has received support from the wireless industry.
The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.
There would be three different types of messages，according to the rules. The first would be a national alert from the president，likely involving a natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats”，which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be for child abduction（绑架）emergencies，or so-called Amber Alerts. The service could be in place by 2010.
1. Which of the following would be the best title for the text？
A. Cell Phone Alerts Protecting Students
B. Cell Phone Alerts by Wireless Industry
C. Cell Phone Alerts of National Disasters
D. Cell Phone Alerts Coming Soon
【答案解析】
本题属于主旨大意题。第一段开门见山，提出将创建一个全国性的短信警报系统；最后一段重申主题，对这种新系统的未来进行展望。因此最准确的标题是 D。
A 项错在 Protecting Students；
B 项错在 by Wireless Industry；
C 项错在 National Disasters。
4 、词义 猜测 题解题技巧
高考中词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义 。
策略（1 ）：依据标点符号猜测词义
标点符号是词义猜测的最直接，最简单的信号词。比如，破折号、冒号常常起解释说明的功能，引号有时也起到相同的作用。
如：Morning noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the house------the only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband.
The underlined words“henpecked husband”probably means a man who _______.
A. likes hunting B. is afraid of hens
C. loves his wife D. is afraid of his wife
【答案解析】D 词义猜测题。破折号起进一步解释说明的作用。由句前信息“他为逃避妻子的唠叨而逃到屋外”可知，他是一个怕老婆的人。故选 D 项。
策略（2 ）：依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义
运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作的一种常用的修辞手法。
在这种修辞手段下，作者常借用一些信号词来提 供相反信息，从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。
常用的信号词有：but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike/instead/ rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/ on the other hand 等。
策略（3 ）：依据下定义，作解释、打比喻等猜测词义
在说明文，科技文中运用下定义或解释概念的方法来定义或诠释某一名词或概念是文章写作的又一特点。
在写作方法上常采用先总后分（即先定义后解释）或先分后总（即先说明后结论）的叙述方式。
常用的定义信号词有：be defined as/be termed(被定义为) ， be called (被称为) ，mean/ refer to/be(意指，是) 。
如：And for chocolate snobs，who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others, the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo, Cuba, Venezuela, and Ghana, among others.
The words “chocolate snobs” probably refer to people who ________．
A. are particular about chocolate
B. know little about cocoa beans
C. look down upon others
D. like to try new flavors
【答案解析】A 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中的“…who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others…”可以推知，该词组指自以为对巧克力很有研究的人。本句是运用定语从句补充说
策略（4 ）：依据逻辑推理猜测词义
运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式。要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上把握语言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有：因果关系，同位关系，对比关系，转折关系等。
如：The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.
Petersburg, Florida.
What does the word “contributions” refer to?
A．Artworks. B．Projects. C．Donations. D．Documents.
【答案解析】A 词义猜测题。由于熟悉划线部分单词 contribution 的意思，很多考生不假思索选了 C。此处 works 与 contributions 相呼应，结合上下文的意思应该是 A。
策略（5 ）：依据例证猜测词义
采用事实说理（即例证）以加强观点的说服力或使观点更加明朗清楚是文章写作的常用手法。借助例证获取更多信息，即可实现猜词的目的。常用的例证信号词有： like/for example/for instance/such as;include/consist of 等。
如：There are no obvious limits to the escalation of demands for quality. For example, Porsche, a famous car producer, has a model which was considered perhaps the best sports car on the market. Priced at over $120,000, it handles perfectly well and has great speed acceleration. But in 2004, the producer introduced some changes which made the model slightly better in handling and acceleration. People who really care about cars find these small improvements exciting. To get them, however, they must pay almost four times the price.
What does the underlined word “escalation” probably mean?
A. Understanding. B. Increase. C. Difference. D. Study.